What is a Rheostat ?

A Rheostat is a variable resistor.  The term rheostat was coined by Sir Charles Wheatstone.  It comes from two Greek words. Rheos, meaning stream and Stat, implying a regulating device.

The Rheostat is used to limit the current in an electric circuit.  The Rheostat is mostly wirewound with a slider moving over it.  The Rheostat is used for speed control of motors and other electric devices.

The terms rheostat and the potentiometer are often used interchangeable.  In principle, they are similar.  However, there are some differences.  The rheostat has a higher wattage and current rating.  It is used for current control.  The potentiometer, on the other hand, is used to control voltage in circuits.  Its rating is also lower.

Reduction in Transformer Capacity due to Aging of Core

The core of a Transformer is made of a number of steel sheets which are placed one on top of another.  These sheets are laminated to prevent losses due to eddy current.

During the operation of the transformer, these sheets get deformed temporarily due to the magnetic flux.  This phenomenon is called magnetostriction.  Over long periods of time, due to repeated movement, gaps form between the surface of the sheets.

These gaps affect the magnetic circuit of the transformer circuit.  This causes a reduction in the flux of mutual inductance.  The transformer current increases by about 10 percent.

The gaps in the core sheets also distort the flux lines and cause an increase in the leakage flux.  This leakage flux causes eddy current heating in metallic components of the transformer such as the tank and other fixtures.  This causes the current to increase by another 5 percent.

This causes an overall reduction in transformer capacity.

What is Aero Ferric inductance?

The magnetic circuit of an inductance consists of air and iron.  That is, the magnetic flux passes through the air as well as the iron.

Thus, the inductance in a wound coil without a core is due to the inductance of air and the iron.  This combination of inductance is called the Aero Ferric Inductance.  

Absorbent Glass Mat in Batteries

Absorbent Glass Mat is a Fibre Glass material which is used to absorb the electrolyte in batteries. This makes the electrolyte spill proof.

This is a particular requirement for applications such as in aircrafts, ships, hospitals, etc.  The absorbent glass mat also gives flexibility in battery shape design.  Batteries can be made circular or in many other shapes to conserve space.

The Absorbent Glass mat has a low resistance.  The batteries based on AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) do not require maintenance.  The Absorbent Glass Mat also prevents sulphation (the deposit of sulphates on the electrodes).  This minimizes the need for topping the charge in the batteries.

AGM batteries are also vibration resistant.

The disadvantages of AGM batteries are their high cost.  They also have low specific energy and are sensitive to overcharging.

Active Material of a Battery

The Active Material of a battery refers to the materials in a Battery which take part in the charging and discharging process.

The anode, cathode and the electrolyte constitute the active materials in a battery.

For instance, in a lead acid battery, the lead oxide (anode), the lead (cathode) and sulphuric acid (electrolyte) are the active materials.

Speed of a CPU

The Speed  of a CPU determines the number of  calculations which can be done per second.
The CPU speed is different from the speed of the microprocessor.  The CPU is a part of the microprocessor.

Today, microprocessors have more than one CPU.  Dual core and Quad core processors which contain two and four processors.  The microprocessor speed, therefore, can be more than the processor speed as the CPUs can work in tandem and process calculations.

The speed of the CPU is indicated in GHz (GigaHertz)

Duty Cycle of a Microprocessor

The Duty Cycle of a Microprocessor is the ratio of the time the signal is high (ON) to the total Clock period.

Microprocessors use a clock to synchronize the different circuits within them.  The clock circuit generates a waveform (usually square).  The signal stays high and the falls low.

The clock period is the time which begins when the signal becomes high, then falls low and then becomes high again.

For instance, a 33% duty cycle implies that the signal will be high for 33% of the clock period.

The duty cycle can be expressed as follows

Duty Cycle = (Pulse Width/Clock Period) * 100

Clock Generator in a Microprocessor

A Clock Generator in a Microprocessor is a device that generates a steady, continuous signal which can be used to time the different circuits in a Microprocessor.

The signal produced by a Clock generator is usually a square wave.  The rising and the falling edge of the waveform is used to time the circuits.

A Clock generator usually consists of an oscillator circuit and an amplifier.  Quartz oscillators are preferred for their consistency (no drift) and stability.

What is the function of a clock in a Microprocessor

The clock in a microprocessor serves to coordinate the operations of the different parts of a microprocessor.

A clock is basically an oscillator which generates a series of pulses.  The pulses usually are square pulses.    The output of the oscillator goes from low to high and then from high to low.  The clock signal is generated by a clock generator.

The is usually designed using a quartz crystal.  The clock can also be made using LC and RC circuits.  Quartz offers stability and consistency(no drift) and is therefore preferred.  

The circuits of the microprocessor can be designed to become active either during the rising edge or the falling edge.  

The Speed of the clock will be in MHz or in GHz.  

Absolute Unit of Current

The Absolute Unit of Current in the CGS (centimeter, gram, second) system is defined as

The amount of current which when flowing through a wire shaped in the form of an arc with a radius of 1 cm exerts a force of 1 dyne on its center.

This definition provides the relationship between electrical and magnetic units.

The medium is assumed to be air or vacuum.  The permeability of air is assumed to be unity.

What is ElectroAdhesion

ElectroAdhesion is a effect of adhesion produced by an Electrostatic field.  

You would have noticed how pieces of paper adhere to a glass rod or ruler which has been rubbed against a piece of cloth.  Electroadhesion can cause sheets of paper to adhere to one another.

Eletroadhesion is also put to use in printers where the paper is moved using this effect. Eletroadhesion is also used in robotics where tiny robots can be made to climb a vertical surface using electroadhesion.

Electroadhesion can be used as an alternative to vacuum suction in certain situations.

Electroadhesion sheets have been developed which can be used to hold products.  These sheets find application in industries in conveyors and in stackers.

What are Bidirectional transducers?

Bidirectional transducers are transducers in which the electrical quantity can be transformed into a non electrical quantity and vice versa.

Piezoelectric sensors are an example of bidirectional sensors. Force can be converted into an electrical signal. An electrical signal can also be converted into an physical movement or a force.

What is an inverse transducer ?

An inverse transducer is a transducer in which an electrical signal is converted into a non electrical quantity.

An example of an inverse transducer is a piezoelectric transducer in which an electrical signal can be converted into a movement or a vibration.

Electronic Fuel Injection

There is a vacuum-powered pressure regulator at the end of the fuel rail which ensures that the fuel pressure in the rail stays constant. Fuel injectors are connected with rail, but their valves remain closed until the ECU sends injection signal.

Usually, the injectors contain two pins. One pin is connected to the ECU. The ECU sends a pulsing ground to the injector, closing circuit. This lets the injector's solenoid get charged. The magnet on the plunger is attracted, opening the valve. The high pressure in the rail  starts fuel injection at a high velocity when the valve opens.

When the plunger rises, it opens a valve and the injector sends fuel just upstream of the intake valve, or straight into the cylinder. The first system is called multiport fuel injection and the latter is called direct injection.

The ECU decides the amount of fuel to inject into the cylinders to make the mixture stoichiometric.

Damper Pistons - An Overview

Dampers are convert parts of the kinetic energy of moving parts of a machine into thermal energy and thereby diminish the hard shocks or avoid too much oscillation amplitudes.

Dampers contain a pressure tube, a piston rod with a special piston system and the damping medium oil. The piston rod is submerged in the oil-filled pressure tube with its special seal and guiding system. This actually hermetically seals the inside compartment of the hydraulic damper from the atmosphere.

 The damping oil passes through the damping bores in the piston system via the movement of the piston rod. The damping forces thereby depend on the piston speed.

By closing the damping borings on both sides by valve washers, the damping forces are regulated in the direction of extension and compression. The damping force during compression decides the hardness of a shock absorber on retraction. The damping force on extension, on the other hand, regulates the extension speed.

Brake Linings

Brake linings is a layer of hard material affixed with the brake shoe or brake pad in order to increase friction against the drum or disc.

Brake linings are made of a relatively soft but wear-and-tear and heat-resistant material with a high coefficient of dynamic friction and also high coefficient of static friction. The linings are mounted to a solid metal structure using high-temperature adhesives or rivets. The complete assembly is then called a brake pad or brake shoe.

The dynamic friction coefficient "µ" for almost all of the brake pads is usually in the range of 0.35 to 0.42. In such a condition, a force of 1000 Newtons on the pad will give a resulting brake force close to 400 Newtons.

Some racing pads with a very high µ of 0.55 to 0.62 with excellent high-temperature properties are also available. These are high in iron content and they outperform other pads used with iron discs.

Aquaplaning or Hydroplaning - An Overview

Aquaplaning, or hydroplaning, takes place when the water between the tyre and  road cannot be removed quickly enough. This layer of water on the tyres stays until the pressure of the water overtakes the pressure of the tyre on the road, which may result in the tyres losing contact with the road surface. As a result, the vehicle can start to skid or spin.

The presence water can let your vehicle lose contact with the road surface. A tyre running through water creates a wave ahead of it. The tyre tread hitting the water at the front of the contact patch suffers an increase of the water pressure. When the water pressure becomes greater than the average pressure of the tyre on the road surface the tyre vehicle may lose control.

Therefore the water covering the tyre must be removed quickly through tyre design to avoid aquaplaning.

Anti Skid Brake System

Application of brake force on a vehicle wheel that is in normal contact with the pavement, results in the rubber of the tire beginning to stretch responding to friction heating and the force applied to the tire-pavement interface.

When brake force is applied, if the level of braking is increased to the levels of co-efficient of friction, mu, the wheel can no longer support the force being applied to the rubber, and hence the available stopping force begins to diminish.

Operation at the peak of the mu-slip offers the highest braking efficiency. Research suggests that a skid develops that may lock the wheel and blow the tire if unchecked.

Modern anti-skid brake control systems measure the speed of the wheel to find slip and developing a correction signal. The control unit finds out where the tire is operating on the mu-slip curve and sends a correction signal to the antiskid valve to reduce applied brake pressure. This helps the vehicle to avoid skidding.

Fuel Cells in Automobiles

A fuel cell automobile (FCA) or fuel cell electric automobile (FCEA) is an automobile which uses a fuel cell to power its on-board electric motor. Fuel cells in automobiles create electricity to provide power to an electric motor, generally using oxygen from the air and compressed hydrogen.

A fuel cell automobile that is fuelled with hydrogen exhausts only water and heat, but no tailpipe pollutants. Therefore it is considered a zero-emissions vehicle as well. Depending on the method, however, producing the required hydrogen used in the automobile creates pollutants.

Fuel cells are used in various kinds of vehicles including forklifts, especially in indoor applications where their clean emissions are important to air quality, and in space applications. Fuel cell technology has attracted a lot of attention and research spending in recent years.

Honda FCX Clarity, Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell and Toyota Mirai are some examples of FCA.

Headlight Aimers - An Overview

A headlamp aimer is a means to check both the orientation and intensity of a vehicle headlamp. It is used to ensure that the headlamp meets a minimum standard for the country of use of the vehicle.

A headlight aimer comprises of a fully adjustable single optical collimated light lens assembly. This assembly is rail mounted and designed to prevent any distortion of the optical lens supporting structure during general use.

The optical lens is designed to accurately focus all types of vehicle headlamp. It is completely adjustable in the vertical plane; achieved by mounting it to a vertical column. The measurement travel of the optical lens used in the aimer is between the heights of 500mm and 1500mm, allowing the testing of all types of vehicles.

Finally, a mirror or laser at the top of the lens mounting column allows the headlight aimer to be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the presented vehicle.

Automatic Guided Vehicle Systems - An Overview

Automatic guided vehicle systems are robots or unmanned machines used to safely transport all kinds of products without human intervention within production, logistic, warehouse and distribution environments.

AGVs are used to consistently and predictably transport material to places that may be serviced by fork lift trucks, conveyors, or manual cart transport. They are generally used in warehouses where high volumes of repetitive movements of material is required, but only little or no human decision making skill is applicable to perform the movement. They are very useful in serving processes where there is no change is contact and use of barriers - such as conveyors - are undesirable in AGVs.

Application of the AGV has broadened during the late 20th century. AGVs often follow markers or wires in the floor, or use own vision, or magnets, or lasers for navigation within a limited range of transportation.

Sandpaper - An Overview

Sandpaper or Glasspaper are a type of coated abrasive that consists of sheets of paper or cloth with abrasive material affixed to one face. Nowadays, sand or glass is not used. 

Sandpaper is produced in different sizes and is used to remove unwanted material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (in painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or to make surface rougher (in gluing). 

Types

Backing:  Backing for sandpaper can have clothes (cotton, polyester, and rayon), PET film, and "fibre", or rubber apart from the paper.

Material: Garnet, emery, aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, alumina-zirconia, Chromium(III) oxide, ceramic aluminium oxide can also be used in sandpapers.

Bonds: Different adhesives, such as Hide glue, are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Waterproof sandpapers use resin bond and a waterproof backing.

Open coat sandpapers have particles that are separated from each other and it is more flexible.

What is an Abrasive Disc?

Abrasive Disc is a disc of abrasive material that rotates in a tool such as a sander. Abrasive discs are used usually for use in stock removal, blending, finishing and polishing applications. 

Abrasive discs use the combination of several minerals, resin systems and backings for better functionality. This combination results in a wide range of products to meet various requirements for use on most wood, metal, composite, gel coat, painted substrates or hard‑to‑grind materials.

The discs are generally manufactured using a composite material with coarse-particle aggregate pressed and attached together using a cementing matrix to give it a solid, circular shape. Depending on the intended usage of the disc, various forms and cross sections are available. 

Abrasive Discs may also be built using a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface. Most abrasive discs are artificial composites of artificial aggregates, but initially natural composite stones (millstones) were also used.

What is an Abrasive Cleaner?

An Abrasive Cleaner is a type of mechanical cleaner that physically removes dirt, stains and tarnish the surface.  They are made up of particles or physical abraders and use friction to remove the dirt stains etc. Physical abraders include sandpaper, steel wool, scrubbing pads, etc.  Abrasiveness usually depends or coerciveness of the used material.

Depending on the harshness, there are three types of Abrasive Cleaners.

Mild Abrasives such as fine plastic mesh pads, soft brass wool, nylon coated sponges, rotten-stone and whiting are often used to clean pots and pans, interiors of ovens, and drip pans.

Examples of Moderate Abrasive Cleaners are fine pumice and fine steel wool. Steel wool has grades from 0000-super fine, 000-extra fine, 00-very fine, 0-fine, 1-medium, 2-medium coarse and 3-0 coarse.

Strong Abrasives are the strongest among abrasives. Examples include medium and coarse steel wool, metallic mesh cloths and balls, metallic brushes, coarse pumice, and sand/silica etc.

What is an Abrasive Cleaner?

An Abrasive Cleaner is a cleaner which removes stains, tarnish and dirt from the surface of an object. Abrasive cleaners consist of abrasive particles or physical abraders.  When an Abrasive cleaner is rubbed against the surface, the friction causes the dirt to come off.

Sandpapers, Steel Wool and scrubbing pads are known as physical abraders.  Abrasive Cleaners can be classified into three types based on their abrasive properties.

Mild Abrasives
These are used to cleans surfaces which have dirt which comes off easily.  Examples are vessels used in cooking such as pots and pans and the interior surface of ovens.

Moderate Abrasives 
These are used for stubborn dirts which cannot be removed using mild abrasives.  They should be used with care as they can damage the surface.  Steel wools and pumice stones are examples of Moderate Abrasives

Strong Abrasives
These are abrasives which are used to remove coarse dirt which has hardened to the surface.  They can cause damage to the surface.  They should be used with discretion.  Examples are Steel Wools

What is an Abrasive Cleaner?

An Abrasive Cleaner is a cleaner which removes stains, tarnish and dirt from the surface of an object. Abrasive cleaners consist of abrasive particles or physical abraders.  When an Abrasive cleaner is rubbed against the surface, the friction causes the dirt to come off.

Sandpapers, Steel Wool and scrubbing pads are known as physical abraders.  Abrasive Cleaners can be classified into three types based on their abrasive properties.

Mild Abrasives
These are used to cleans surfaces which have dirt which comes off easily.  Examples are vessels used in cooking such as pots and pans and the interior surface of ovens.

Moderate Abrasives 
These are used for stubborn dirts which cannot be removed using mild abrasives.  They should be used with care as they can damage the surface.  Steel wools and pumice stones are examples of Moderate Abrasives

Strong Abrasives
These are abrasives which are used to remove coarse dirt which has hardened to the surface.  They can cause damage to the surface.  They should be used with discretion.  Examples are Steel Wools

Ignition Circuit

The primary circuit of an engine consists of the battery, the ignition switch, a resistor, an Ignition module or contact points, and coil primary wiring. They are fitted so that the electricity flows continually through them. The primary circuit voltage is usually very low, it is about 12 volts. The wiring has a thin layer of insulation to save from short circuit.

The secondary system of circuitry is made of three basic components: ignition coil, the distributor, and the spark plug. This system is what is used for new formats like the distributor less ignition systems.

Ignition Coil
The ignition coil is made up of two separate cover of copper wire around a laminated iron core. A high-voltage current is produced in the secondary winding that has many turns of thin wire. This high-voltage current flows via the core portions of the distributor.

Distributor
The major duty of the distributor is to allow the current pass from the coil to the correct spark plug at the right time. It has a rotor inside that passes close to the spark plugs.

Spark Plug
The spark plug has to create a high-voltage spark needed to ignite the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.

Independent Parking Brake vs Integral Parking Brake

In cars, the parking brake is a latching brake generally used to keep the vehicle stationary. It is sometimes used to stop a vehicle from rolling when both feet are engaged.

A number of vehicles have been made with an independent drum brake on the transmission output shaft. It is called a driveline parking brake. This is completely independent of other braking systems. This brake is effective till drive train is intact. This type of parking brake is used by either a foot pedal or a hydraulic cylinder.

The integral brake is a kind of parking brake on the inside of the disk brake system. This system usually has cables to engage the parking brake as the normal drum brake system. There are usually two brake shoes in the rear drum. When the parking brake is pulled, it lets a cable tighten up the shoes so they press against the drum, holding or stopping the vehicle.

Indicator Lamps in the dashboard of Vehicles

An indicator lamp is a type of warning device that alerts the drivers of problems with various parts of their vehicles. Oil pressure, water temperature and the voltage are usually showed on the dashboard indicator lamps.

In case of a dangerous reading from a engine sensor, the indicator lamp starts to illuminate. In fact, most cars produced nowadays have the basic indicator lamps to show potential problems.

For all functions of the automotive engine, a sensor is there to transmit signals to the dashboard. The need of a system of warning lights and indicators is to allow the driver to understand how the engine is operating.

The sensors are usually programmed to send a signal to the indicator lamp when there is a non-standard sensor reading. This signal illuminates the warning light, telling the driver that there is a problem with the engine.

Indicator Lamps in Vehicles

An indicator lamp is a type of warning device that alerts the drivers of problems with various parts of their vehicles. Oil pressure, water temperature and the voltage are usually showed on the dashboard indicator lamps.

In case of a dangerous reading from a engine sensor, the indicator lamp starts to illuminate. In fact, most cars produced nowadays have the basic indicator lamps to show potential problems.

For all functions of the automotive engine, a sensor is there to transmit signals to the dashboard. The need of a system of warning lights and indicators is to allow the driver to understand how the engine is operating.

The sensors are usually programmed to send a signal to the indicator lamp when there is a non-standard sensor reading. This signal illuminates the warning light, telling the driver that there is a problem with the engine.

Live Axle in Vehicles

A Live axle is a type of beam axle. A beam axle is a suspension design, where a set of wheels is connected laterally by using one beam or shaft. Beam axles were common in the rear wheels, but they have also been used as front axles in rear-wheel-drive vehicles.

A live axle is a beam axle where the shaft or the shafts connected to move as a single unit transfers power to the wheels.

The beam axle that is not transmitting power is a dead axle. These axles are usually found in vehicles with Hotchkiss drive. However, such suspension systems are also found in other types of power transmission.

The basic advantage of the live axle is its simplicity which makes it very less space-consuming and relatively cheaper to manufacture. Live axles are almost used in all heavy-duty trucks and most light and medium duty pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans. These axles are almost always found in the rear set of wheels.

Automatic guided vehicle system

Automatic guided vehicle systems are robots or unmanned machines used to safely transport all kinds of products without human intervention within production, logistic, warehouse and distribution environments.

AGVs are used to consistently and predictably transport material to places that may be serviced by fork lift trucks, conveyors, or manual cart transport. They are generally used in warehouses where high volumes of repetitive movements of material is required, but only little or no human decision making skill is applicable to perform the movement. They are very useful in serving processes where there is no change is contact and use of barriers - such as conveyors - are undesirable in AGVs.

Application of the AGV has broadened during the late 20th century. AGVs often follow markers or wires in the floor, or use own vision, or magnets, or lasers for navigation within a limited range of transportation.

Automatic guided vehicle system

Automatic guided vehicle systems are robots or unmanned machines used to safely transport all kinds of products without human intervention within production, logistic, warehouse and distribution environments.

AGVs are used to consistently and predictably transport material to places that may be serviced by fork lift trucks, conveyors, or manual cart transport. They are generally used in warehouses where high volumes of repetitive movements of material is required, but only little or no human decision making skill is applicable to perform the movement. They are very useful in serving processes where there is no change is contact and use of barriers - such as conveyors - are undesirable in AGVs.

Application of the AGV has broadened during the late 20th century. AGVs often follow markers or wires in the floor, or use own vision, or magnets, or lasers for navigation within a limited range of transportation.

SandPaper

Sandpaper or Glasspaper are a type of coated abrasive that consists of sheets of paper or cloth with abrasive material affixed to one face. Nowadays, sand or glass is not used.


Sandpaper is produced in different sizes and is used to remove unwanted material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (in painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or to make surface rougher (in gluing).

Types
Backing:  Backing for sandpaper can have clothes (cotton, polyester, and rayon), PET film, and "fibre", or rubber apart from the paper.

Material: Garnet, emery, aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, alumina-zirconia, Chromium(III) oxide, ceramic aluminium oxide can also be used in sandpapers.

Bonds: Different adhesives, such as Hide glue, are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Waterproof sandpapers use resin bond and a waterproof backing.

Open coat sandpapers have particles that are separated from each other and it is more flexible.

SandPaper

Sandpaper or Glasspaper are a type of coated abrasive that consists of sheets of paper or cloth with abrasive material affixed to one face. Nowadays, sand or glass is not used.


Sandpaper is produced in different sizes and is used to remove unwanted material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (in painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or to make surface rougher (in gluing).

Types
Backing:  Backing for sandpaper can have clothes (cotton, polyester, and rayon), PET film, and "fibre", or rubber apart from the paper.

Material: Garnet, emery, aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, alumina-zirconia, Chromium(III) oxide, ceramic aluminium oxide can also be used in sandpapers.

Bonds: Different adhesives, such as Hide glue, are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Waterproof sandpapers use resin bond and a waterproof backing.

Open coat sandpapers have particles that are separated from each other and it is more flexible.

What is an Abrasive Disc?

Abrasive Disc is a disc of abrasive material that rotates in a tool such as a sander. Abrasive discs are used usually for use in applications related to blending, finishing and polishing . Abrasive discs use the combination of several minerals, resin systems and backings for better functionality. 

This combination results in a wide range of products to meet various requirements for use on materials such as wood, gel coat, painted substrates, metal, composite, etc The discs are generally manufactured using a composite material with coarse-particle aggregate pressed and attached together using a cementing matrix to give it a solid, circular shape. 

Depending on the intended usage of the disc, various forms and cross sections are available. Abrasive Discs may also be built using a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface. Most abrasive discs are artificial composites of artificial aggregates, but initially natural composite stones (millstones) were also used.

What is an Abrasive Disc?

Abrasive Disc is a disc of abrasive material that rotates in a tool such as a sander. Abrasive discs are used usually for use in applications related to blending, finishing and polishing . Abrasive discs use the combination of several minerals, resin systems and backings for better functionality. 

This combination results in a wide range of products to meet various requirements for use on materials such as wood, gel coat, painted substrates, metal, composite, etc The discs are generally manufactured using a composite material with coarse-particle aggregate pressed and attached together using a cementing matrix to give it a solid, circular shape. 

Depending on the intended usage of the disc, various forms and cross sections are available. Abrasive Discs may also be built using a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface. Most abrasive discs are artificial composites of artificial aggregates, but initially natural composite stones (millstones) were also used.

What is an Abrasive Cleaner?

An Abrasive Cleaner is a type of mechanical cleaner that physically removes dirt, stains and tarnish the surface.  They are made up of particles or physical abraders and use friction to remove the dirt stains etc. Physical abraders include materials such as sandpaper, scrubbing,  padsteel wool.  Abrasiveness usually depends or coerciveness of the used material.

Depending on the harshness, there are three types of Abrasive Cleaners.

Mild Abrasives such as fine plastic mesh pads, soft brass wool, nylon coated sponges, rotten-stone and whiting are often used to clean pots and pans, interiors of ovens, and drip pans.

Examples of Moderate Abrasive Cleaners are fine pumice and fine steel wool. Steel wool has grades from 0000-super fine, 000-extra fine, 00-very fine, 0-fine, 1-medium, 2-medium coarse and 3-0 coarse.

Strong Abrasives are the strongest among abrasives. Examples include medium and coarse steel wool, metallic mesh cloths and balls, metallic brushes, coarse pumice, and sand/silica etc.

What is an Abrasive Cleaner?

An Abrasive Cleaner is a type of mechanical cleaner that physically removes dirt, stains and tarnish the surface.  They are made up of particles or physical abraders and use friction to remove the dirt stains etc. Physical abraders include materials such as sandpaper, scrubbing,  padsteel wool.  Abrasiveness usually depends or coerciveness of the used material.

Depending on the harshness, there are three types of Abrasive Cleaners.

Mild Abrasives such as fine plastic mesh pads, soft brass wool, nylon coated sponges, rotten-stone and whiting are often used to clean pots and pans, interiors of ovens, and drip pans.

Examples of Moderate Abrasive Cleaners are fine pumice and fine steel wool. Steel wool has grades from 0000-super fine, 000-extra fine, 00-very fine, 0-fine, 1-medium, 2-medium coarse and 3-0 coarse.

Strong Abrasives are the strongest among abrasives. Examples include medium and coarse steel wool, metallic mesh cloths and balls, metallic brushes, coarse pumice, and sand/silica etc.