Transient Stability and Steady State Stability

Transient Stability

Transient Stability is the ability of a power system to return to its normal state after a major disturbance, such as a fault or a disconnection or connection of a large load.

When there is a disturbance in the system, there are oscillations.  These oscillations are called swings.  Transient stability analysis is concerned with the response of the power system to such oscillations.    A power system with proper response will bring the system back to steady state operations within a short period of time.

Steady State Stability

Steady State Stability is the ability of a power system to respond to slow or gradual changes in its operating parameters.  When a number of power sources and loads are connected to a system, there will be gradual shifting of loads from one generator to another.  These oscillations, if not properly controlled, can develop into large oscillations which can cause bigger disturbances.

BH Analyzer

The B-H Analyzer is an instrument which can measure and plot the B-H curve of a given material.  They can also be used to determine the core loss at high frequency.

BH analyzers are used to analyze the behavior of circuit components at different frequencies.  The B-H curves are plotted across a wide frequency spectrum.

BH Analyzers are also used to determine the permeability of materials used in the construction of electric machines.

Coercivity

Coercivity is the strength of the magnetic field required to demagnetise a ferromagnetic material.  It is also described as the ability of a material to resist demagnetization.

Materials with high coercivity are made into permanent magnets, such as Alnico.  The unit of coercivity is ampere/meter.

Materials with low coercivity are made into electromagnets, such as soft iron.

The coercivity can be calculated from the B-H curve of a material.  The horizontal distance between points b and a in the BH curve in the right is the coercivity

The unit of coercivity is Ampere/metre

Arduino - An Overview

Arduino is an open source platform used in embedded systems. Arduino has its own hardware and software. Since it is an open source project, it is used for numerous projects by many hundreds of people around the world.  The Layout and the production files are available in the public domain.

The Arduino board is powered by the Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller.  The Flash memory and other features may vary among different boards.

Programming the Arduino
The program for the Arduino can be written in any high level programming language with a compiler which can generate machine level code for Arduino.  However, Arduino has its own IDE (Integrated Development Environment).  The Arduino can be used using the IDE.  A program for the Arduino is called the sketch.

Programs can be written using the C and C++ language

Arduino has a well developed ecosystem consisting of numerous manufacturers and developers.  Many professional projects can be built with Arduino.  There are many peripherals such as sensors and actuators which can be linked to the Arduino to create a range of products from robots to security systems.

Many manufacturers and hobbyists create projects based on Arduino.

Useful Links

Arduino.cc